The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study

The meaning of all this; The duty of the Negroes; The duty of the whites.

The sole copy listed in the catalogue and available for students in the library has been unaccountably missing from the shelves for several years.

I not only never lied, but blurted out my conception of the truth on many untoward occasions; I drank no alcohol and knew nothing of women, physically or psychically, to the incredulous amusement of most of my more experienced fellows.

I traveled not only in space but in time. I touched the very shadow of slavery.

I believe foolishly perhaps, but sincerely, that I have something to say to the world, and I have taken English 12 in order to say it well.

I became more human; learned the place in life of 'Wine, Women, and Song;' I ceased to hate or suspect people simply because they belonged to one race or color.

I determined to put science into sociology through a study of the condition and problems of my own group.

Murder sat on our doorsteps, police were our government, and philanthropy dropped in with periodic advice.

The age of Douglass acknowledged the sanction of the Golden Rule; that of Washington worships the Rule of Gold.

With calipers and rulers and all sorts of statistical devices, they were busy building up elaborate classifications of the 'inborn' mental and psychological traits.

We forget that once French peasants were the 'Niggers' of France, and that German princelings once discussed with doubt the brains and humanity of the bauer.

Du Bois concluded that 'there is a far mightier influence to mold and make the citizen, and that is the social atmosphere which surrounds him; first his daily companionship, the thoughts and whims of his class; then his recreation and amusements; finally the surrounding world of American civilization'.

The first impulse of the best, the wisest and richest is to segregate themselves from the mass . . . they make their mistake in failing to recognize that however laudable an ambition to rise may be, the first duty of an upper class is to serve the lowest classes.

The single factor that has dominated the mental outlook of the black bourgeoisie has been its obsession with the struggle for status.

Social relations between whites and Negroes, therefore, were marked by clear status differentials and high social interaction, rather than by the residential segregation, and low social interaction which characterizes the relations between the races today.

The old colored citizens of Philadelphia resented this. Placed the blame at the migrant's door and stood aloof from him.

Most of the solid Negro citizens live in more suburban areas of the city and, like their counterparts whom DuBois criticized in his day, are more concerned with their own careers than with the problems of racial leadership.

He is now a waiter at the University Club, where his white fellow graduates dine.

The strike, which cost the taxpayers more than $10 million, was due to the fact that white workers refused to go back to their jobs as long as Negro workers were given equal pay for equal work.

All too often the Negro sees himself as a victim of their exploitation, and the contrast between himself and the more affluent businessmen of the community generates bitterness and resentment.

The Negro Race, like all races, is going to be saved by its exceptional men.

The final design of the work is to lay before the public such a body of information as may be a safe guide for all efforts toward the solution of the many Negro problems of a great American city.

Ishall, moreover, capitalize theword, because Ibelieve that eightmillion Americans areentitled toacapitalletter.

Here is a large group of people—perhaps forty-five thousand, a city within a city—who do not form an integral part of the larger social group.

The social student agrees with him so far, but must point out that the removal of unpleasant features from our complicated modern life is a delicate operation requiring knowledge and skill; that a slum is not a simple fact, it is a symptom.

The student must ignore both of these extreme statements and seek to extract from a complicated mass of facts the tangible evidence of a social atmosphere surrounding Negroes, which differs from that surrounding most whites.

No differences of social condition allowed any Negro to escape from the group, although such escape was continually the rule among Irish, Germans, and other whites.

At this milestone they lingered thirty years for breath and courage, for the Meeting had evidently distanced many of its more conservative members.

The particular grievance was the hiring out of slave mechanics by masters; in 1708 the free white mechanics protested to the Legislature against this custom.

The first result of this contact with city life was to stimulate the talented and aspiring freedmen; and this was the easier because the freedman had in Philadelphia at that time a secure economic foothold.

The crisis came one Sunday morning during prayer when Jones and Allen, with a crowd of followers, refused to worship except in their accustomed places, and finally left the church in a body.

With regard to the emigration to Africa you mention we have at present but little to communicate on that head, apprehending every pious man is a good citizen of the whole world.

In the vestibule of the church was written: 'The people that walked in darkness have seen a great light'

Born in 1766, and educated by Benezet, he 'was a gentleman by nature, easy in manner and able in intercourse; popular as a man of trade or gentleman of the pave, and well received by the gentry of lighter shade.'

The agitation of the Abolitionists was the match that lighted this fuel.

That the riots occurred by prearranged plan was shown by the signals lights in windows by which the houses of the whites were distinguished and those of the Negroes attacked and their inmates assaulted and beaten.

The whole of the afternoon of that day black women and children fled from the city.

The blacks, goaded to desperation, fought furiously; houses were burned and firearms used, with the result that three white men and one Negro were killed and twenty-five wounded persons taken to the hospital.

The whole catering business, arising from an evolution shrewdly, persistently and tastefully directed, transformed the Negro cook and waiter into the public caterer and restaurateur.

When a Democrat asked his menial service he refused, because he could not wait on a party of persons who were disloyal to the government, and Lincoln—pointing to the picture in his reception rooms—was the government.

The present slums at Seventh and Lombard are bad and dangerous, but they are decent compared with those of a half century ago.

When by Judge Allison's decision the attitude of the courts was changed, and damages granted an evicted Negro, the railway companies often side-tracked and left cars which colored passengers had entered.

When the hour arrived for home going, Catto went the near and dangerous way to his residence, 814 South street, and said as he left, 'I would not stultify my manhood by going to my home in a roundabout way.'

Each home was in sorrow, and strong men wept like children, when they realized how much had been lost in the untimely death of the gifted Catto.

Notsince thefuneral cortege ofPresident Lincoln hadthere beenoneaslarge orasimposing inPhiladelphia.

Even Philadelphians hardly realize that the population of their staid old city has nearly doubled since the war, and that consequently it is not the same place, has not the same spirit, as formerly.

Finally, into this rapid development have precipitated themselves during the last twenty years fifteen thousand immigrants, mostly from Maryland, Virginia and Carolina untrained and poorly educated countrymen, rushing from the hovels of the country or the cottages of country towns, suddenly into the new, strange life of a great city.

Scanning this population more carefully, the first thing that strikes one is the unusual excess of females.

The proportion, therefore, of men to women is a rough index of the industrial opportunities of the Negro.

The corners, night and day, are filled with Negro loafers—able-bodied young men and women, all cheerful, some with good-natured, open faces, some with traces of crime and excess, a few pinched with poverty.

The answer is, they do not; the slum is continually scaling off emigrants for other sections, and receiving new accretions from without.

It is not well to clean a cess-pool until one knows where the refuse can be disposed of without general harm.

It is not well to clean a cess-pool until one knows where the refuse can be disposed of without general harm.

The number of deserted wives, however, allowing for false reports, is astoundingly large and presents many intricate problems.

Oppressed by the peculiar lonesomeness of a great city, they form chance acquaintances here and there, thoughtlessly marry and soon find that the husband's income cannot alone support a family.

The strictly guarded savage home life of Africa, which with all its shortcomings protected womanhood, was broken up completely by the slave ship, and the promiscuous herding of the West Indian plantation put in its stead.

A generalization then that includes a North Carolina boy who has migrated to the city for work and has been here for a couple of months, in the same class with a descendant of several generations of Philadelphia Negroes, is apt to make serious mistakes.

The training they receive from such wanderings is not apt to improve young persons greatly, and the custom has undoubtedly helped to swell the numbers of a large migratory criminal class who are often looked upon as the product of particular cities, when, as a matter of fact, they are the offscourings of country districts, sharpened and prepared for crime by the slums of many cities through which they have passed.

Investigators are often surprised in the worst districts to see red-handed criminals and good-hearted, hard-working, honest people living side by side in apparent harmony.

Thus they find themselves hemmed in between the slums and the decent sections, and they easily drift into the happy-go-lucky life of the lowest classes and rear young criminals for our jails.

Within the memory of living men the University of Pennsylvania not only refused to admit Negroes as students, but even as listeners in the lecture halls.

The University of Pennsylvania not only refused to admit Negroes as students, but even as listeners in the lecture halls.

The ability to read, however, is a point of pride with them, and especial pains was taken in the canvass to avoid error; often two or more questions on the point were asked.

No matter how well qualified they may be to teach, directors do not elect them to positions in the schools.

However, in the realm of social phenomena the law of survival is greatly modified by human choice, wish, whim and prejudice.

And consequently one never knows when one sees a social outcast how far this failure to survive is due to the deficiencies of the individual, and how far to the accidents or injustice of his environment.

This shows that three-fourths of the male Negroes ten years of age and over in gainful occupations are laborers and servants, while the remaining fourth is equally divided into three parts: one to the trades, one to small business enterprises, and one to professional men, clerks and miscellaneous employments.

Wecangraspthetruemeaningofthesefigures onlyby comparing thedistribution ofoccupations among the Negroes with thatofthetotal population ofthecity.

Allthe forces thatareimpelling whitewomen tobecome bread winners, areemphasizedinthecaseofNegrowomen :their chances ofmarriagearedecreased bythelowwagesofthe menandthelargeexcess oftheirownsexinthegreat cities;theymust work, and ifthere arefewchances open theymust suffer from competitioninwages.

The Baptist minister is the elected chairman of a pure democracy, who, if he can command a large enough following, becomes a virtual dictator; he thus has the chance to be a wise leader or a demagogue, or, as in many cases, a little of both.

Moreover, while thework ofa physicianislargely private, depending onindividualskill, alawyer must haveco-operation from fellow lawyers and respectandinfluence incourt;thusprejudiceordiscrimination ofanykind isespeciallyfeltinthisprofession.

No first-class Negro barber would dare shave his own brother in his shop in Philadelphia on account of the color prejudice.

In no branch of business, save one, has the Negro evinced so much push, taste and enterprise.

Consequently the battle always becomes an Athanasius contra mundum, where almost unconsciously the whole countenance and aid of the community is thrown against the Negro.

Consequently thebattlealways becomes anAthanasius contra mundum, where almostunconsciously thewhole countenance andaidofthecommunityisthrownagainst theNegro.

Several storekeepers have had white persons enter the store, look at the proprietors and say 'Oh! I er made a mistake,' and go out.

Here was a case where some persons sought to drive an enterprising and talented Negro out of business simply because he was colored.

In some cases by the actual inclusion of the word 'white' among qualifications for entrance into certain trade unions.

In general, however, the black mechanic who seeks work from a mill owner, or a contractor, or a capitalist is told: 'I have no feeling in the matter, but my men will not work with you.'

Four colored men volunteered and saved the steel.

The first-class ditcher can seldom become foreman of a gang; the hod-carrier can seldom become a mason; the porter cannot have much hope of being a clerk, or the elevator-boy of becoming a salesman.

Consequently we find the ranks of the laborers among Negroes filled to an unusual extent with disappointed men, with men who have lost the incentive to excel, and have become chronic grumblers and complainers.

All those young people who, by natural evolution in the case of the whites, would have stepped a grade higher than their fathers and mothers in the social scale, have in the case of the post-bellum generation of Negroes been largely forced back into the great mass of the listless and incompetent to earn bread and butter by menial service.

Such a twin movement—the diversification of Negro industry and the serious training of domestic servants—would do two things: it would take the ban from the calling of domestic service by ceasing to make 'Negro' and 'servant' synonymous terms.

How long can a community pursue such a contradictory economic policy first confining a large portion of its population to a pursuit which public opinion persists in looking down upon; then displacing them even there by better trained and better paid competitors.

The greater number are compelled to abandon their trades on account of the unrelenting prejudice against their color.

In other words, one of the great postulates of the science of economics—that men will seek their economic advantage—is in this case untrue, because in many cases men will not do this if it involves association, even in a casual and business way, with Negroes.

In other words, one of the great postulates of the science of economics that men will seek their economic advantage is in this case untrue, because in many cases men will not do this if it involves association, even in a casual and business way, with Negroes.

The influence of bad sanitary surroundings is strikingly illustrated in the enormous death rate of the Fifth Ward—the worst Negro slum in the city.

The young girls who come to the city have practically no chance for work except domestic service. This branch of work, however, has the great advantage of being healthful; the servant has usually a good dwelling, good food and proper clothing.

These tables would seem toadduce considerable proof thatthe Negro death rate islargelyamatter ofcondition ofliving.

The Irish were once thought to be doomed by that disease but that was when Irishmen were unpopular.

Nearly thewhole nation seemed delighted with thediscredited census of1870because itwasthought toshow thattheNegroes weredyingoffrapidly, andthe country would soonbewell ridofthem.

That the Negro death rate at present is anything that threatens the extinction of the race is either the bugbear of the untrained, or the wish of the timid.

In all this one catches a faint glimpse of the intricacy and far-reaching influence of the Negro problems.

In all this one catches a faint glimpse of the intricacy and far-reaching influence of the Negro problems.

In good times perhaps 50 percent of the Negroes could well be designated comfortable, but in time of financial stress vast numbers of this class fall below the line into the poor and go to swell the number of paupers, and in many cases of criminals.

Those of this class who are poor but decent are next-door neighbors usually to pronounced criminals and prostitutes.

A white Philadelphian with $1500 a year can call himself poor and live simply. A Negro with $1500 a year ranks with the richest.

A white Philadelphian with $1500 a year can call himself poor and live simply; a Negro with $1500 a year ranks with the richest of his race and must usually spend more in proportion than his white neighbor in rent, dress and entertainment.

The figures for 1832 are from a memorial to the legislature, in which the Negroes say that by reference to the receipts of tax payers which were 'actually produced,' they paid at least $2500 in taxes.

If the Negroes had bought little homes as persistently as they have worked to develop a church and secret society system, and had invested more of their earnings in savings-banks and less in clothes they would be in a far better condition to demand industrial opportunity than they are to-day.

The large majority are little better than licensed gambling operations; it is a disgrace that a great municipality allows them to prey upon the people in the manner they do.

The method of conducting these societies puts a premium on dishonesty and misrepresentation and a tax on honesty and health.

They said: 'We stint ourselves of our victuals to keep up and then lose it all.'

The whole business is nothing more than gambling, where one set of sharpers bet against another set, and the honest hard-working but ignorant toilers pay the bill.

The remark fixed their life history; they were from among the prostitutes of Middle Alley, or Ratcliffe street, or some similar resort, where each woman supports some man from the results of her gains.

The home was destroyed by slavery, struggled up after emancipation, and is again not exactly threatened, but neglected in the life of city Negroes.

To this the vestry returned a dignified answer, asserting that 'expediency is no plea against the violation of the great principles of charity, mercy, justice and truth.'

As a social group the Negro church may be said to have antedated the Negro family on American soil; as such it has preserved, on the one hand, many functions of tribal organization, and on the other hand, many of the family functions.

The form of government varies, but is generally some form of democracy closely guarded by custom and tempered by possible and not infrequent secession.

What wonder that this central clubhouse tends to become more and more luxuriously furnished, costly in appointment and easy of access!

The congregation does not follow the moral precepts of the preacher, but rather the preacher follows the standard of his flock, and only exceptional men dare seek to change this.

This system results in great unity and power; the purely spiritual aims of the church, to be sure, suffer somewhat, but after all this peculiar organism is more than a church, it is a government of men.

The danger signal that we see here and there cropping out, which is calculated to bring discredit upon the Church of Christ, is the unholy ambition for place and power.

The danger signal that we see here and there cropping out, which is calculated to bring discredit upon the Church of Christ, is the unholy ambition for place and power.

The Baptist policy is extreme democracy applied to church affairs, and no wonder that this often results in a pernicious dictatorship.

This church especially reaches after a class of neglected poor whom the other colored churches shun or forget and for whom there is little fellowship in white churches.

God alone knows what a real struggle life is to them. Many of them must always be 'moving on,' because they cannot pay the rent or meet other obligations.

The most excitable of their number entered the ring, and with clapping of hands and contortions led the devotions.

They furnish pastime from the monotony of work, a field for ambition and intrigue, a chance for parade, and insurance against misfortune.

Some of these are honest efforts and some are swindling-imitations of the pernicious white petty insurance societies.

The Cigar-makers' Union is a regular trades union with both white and Negro members. It is the only union in Philadelphia where Negroes are largely represented. No friction is apparent.

This led to a movement for a Negro hospital; such a movement however was condemned by the whites as an unnecessary addition to a bewildering number of charitable institutions; by many of the best Negroes as a concession to prejudice and a drawing of the color line.

It would cost far less than it now costs the courts to punish the petty misdemeanors of young men who do not know how to amuse themselves.

All this world of co-operation and subordination into which the white child is in most cases born is, we must not forget, new to the slave's sons.

Crime is a phenomenon of organized social life, and is the open rebellion of an individual against his social environment.

Whipping ofNegroes atthepublic whipping postwasfrequent, andsosevere wasthepunishment that in1743aslavebrought uptobe whipped committed suicide.

Of the prisoners in the Eastern Penitentiary, 1829-1846, 14 percent of the whites were pardoned and 2 percent of the Negroes.

It is a phenomenon that stands not alone, but rather as a symptom of countless wrong social conditions.

It thus seems certain that general criminality as represented by commitments to the county prison has decreased markedly since 1840, and that its rapid increase since 1880 leaves it still far behind the decade 1830 to 1840.

In convictions by human courts the rich always are favored somewhat at the expense of the poor, the upper classes at the expense of the unfortunate classes, and whites at the expense of Negroes.

This shows how little increased intelligence alone avails to stop crime in the face of other powerful forces.

Thus we find here, as is apparently true in France, Italy and Germany, increasing crime and decreasing illiteracy as concurrent phenomena rather than as cause and effect.

McCalley drew hisrevolver from hispocket, andasDrnmgoole again broke intoa runhepointedtheweaponathislegsand fired.

Grant had taken every cent of her earnings from her for weeks past and had also pawned all of her clothing, so that at the present time she was penniless and had not a single garment except what she wore.

They took advantage of the crowd to strike her after the robbery had been perpetrated and escaped before her outcry was heard.

So frequent have these crimes become that sometimes Negroes are wrongfully suspected; whoever snatches a pocketbook on a dark night is supposed to be black.

Policy may do more harm than all the saloons and 'speakeasies' in the city.

Persons whohavenottheprice ofadrinkmaygamble away thefewpennies theydopossessinapolicy shop.Then thedrain isconstant.

Hesaid thatwhen heentered thehouse somebody called out "Sam's gotanewman," andthatwas allthatwassaid.

The judge further said he thought the case would have a tendency to repel the brutal attacks made on inoffensive persons in the community, and to make the streets safe for every man to walk on at any hour without fear.

These records give a vague idea of that class of persons just hovering between pauperism and crime—tramps, loafers, defective persons and unfortunates—a class difficult to deal with because made up of diverse elements.

Five in the family; widow and children out of work, and had sold the bed to pay for expense of a sick child.

Manoftwenty-three camefrom Virginiaforwork;wasrunoverbycars atForty-fifth, street andBaltimoreavenue, and lostbothlegsandright arm;isdependent oncolored friends andwants something todo.

Of those thus visibly carrying away liquor there were in all 719; of these 363 were Negroes, and 356 were whites; 513 were males, and 206 were females.

One beggar came in, a colored 'Auntie;' she wanted bread, not gin.

For this reason the rise of the Negro in this city is a series of rushes and backslidings rather than a continuous growth.

The real foundation of the difference is the widespread feeling all over the land, in Philadelphia as well as in Boston and New Orleans, that the Negro is something less than an American and ought not to be much more than what he is.

This ward is in the centre of the city, near the places of employment for the mass of the people and near the centre of their social life; consequently people crowd here in great numbers.

To-day, however, theback yards havebeen filledbytenement houses andthe badsanitaryresults areshown inthedeath rateoftheward.

Many a Negro family eats less than it ought for the sake of living in a decent house.

The Negro who ventures away from the mass of his people and their organized life, finds himself alone, shunned and taunted, stared at and made uncomfortable.

Thus he remains far from friends and the concentrated social life of the church, and feels in all its bitterness what it means to be a social outcast.

One house had 7 families, 33 persons, living in 13 rooms, 8 feet square.

These desolate pens, the roofs of which are generally leaky, and their floors so low that more or less water comes in on them from the yard in rainy weather, would not give comfortable winter accommodations to a cow.

Penetrate intoone ofthese houses andbeyond intotheback yard,ifthere isone(frequently there isnot),andthere willbefound apileofashes, garbage andfilth, theaccumulation ofthewinter, perhaps ofthewhole year.

They regale the thugs and whoremongers and gamblers of Seventh and Lombard streets with congratulations on what the Negroes have done in a quarter century, and pity for their disabilities; and they scold the caterers of Addison street for the pickpockets and paupers of the race.

Nothing more exasperatesthebetter class ofNegroes than thistendencytoignore utterly their existence.

Suddenly there is an oath, a sharp altercation, a blow; then a hurried rush of feet, the silent door of a neighboring club closes, and when the policeman arrives only the victim lies bleeding on the sidewalk.

Often in the same family one can find respectable and striving parents weighed down by idle, impudent sons and wayward daughters.

Instead then ofsocial classes heldtogether by strongtiesofmutual interest wehave inthecaseofthe Negroes,classes whohavemuch tokeepthemapart, and onlycommunity ofblood andcolorprejudicetobindthem together.

For an ordinary white person it would be almost impossible to secure introduction even by a friend.

The institution which will supply this want better and add instruction and diversion, will save many girls from ruin and boys from crime.

No matter how well trained a Negro may be, or how fitted for work of any kind, he cannot in the ordinary course of competition hope to be much more than a menial servant.

If he meet a lifelong white friend on the street, he is in a dilemma; if he does not greet the friend he is put down as boorish and impolite; if he does greet the friend he is liable to be flatly snubbed.

The young Negro starts knowing that on all sides his advance is made doubly difficult if not wholly shut off by his color.

He is now a waiter at the University Club, where his white fellow graduates dine.

The colored boy was very light in complexion, and consequently both were taken in as apprentices at a large locomotive works; they worked there some months, but it was finally disclosed that the boy was colored; he was dismissed and the white boy retained.

Where, however, a large section of the public more or less openly applaud the stamina of a man who refuses to work with a 'Nigger,' the results are inevitable.

American workingmen would be very narrow indeed if they cannot see that it is to their own immediate advantage that Chinese mechanics fit to look after American locomotives shall be trained at once.

I- started at the Schuylkill, on Market street, and applied at almost every store nearly to the Delaware for work; she was only offered scrubbing.

One very fair young girl, apparently a white girl, was employed as a clerk in one of the large department stores for over two years, so that there was no question of her competency as a clerk. At the end of this time it was discovered that she had colored blood and she was promptly discharged.

He has called at the secretary's office three or four times and left word that he would like to hear what action was taken regarding his application for admission to the Union, but December 1, 1897, he had received no answer to his application made in December, 1896.

And thus theChristian churchjoins hands with trades unions andalarge public opinion toforce Negroesintoidleness andcrime.

E was light in complexion and got a job as driver; he 'kept his cap on,' but when they found he was colored they discharged him.

'You have ability enough, George, if you were not colored.'

Persons who throw away $5 a week on gew-gaws will often haggle over twenty-five cents with a washerwoman.

It is one of the paradoxes of this question to see a people so discriminated against sometimes add to their misfortunes by discriminating against themselves.

Within two or three years a Negro student had to fight his way through a city dental school with his fists, and was treated with every indignity.

How long can a city teach its black children that the road to success is to have a white face?

Toeducate boysandgirlsand then refuse themwork istotrain loafers androgues.

The same Philadelphian who would not let a Negro work in his store or mill will contribute handsomely to relieve Negroes in poverty and distress.

Afterall,theneed oftheNegro,asofsomany unfortunate classes,is"notalmsbutafriend."

In those very circles of Negroes who have a large infusion of white blood, where the freedom of marriage is most strenuously advocated, white wives have always been treated with a disdain bordering on insult.

Descendants of such children in many cases forsook the mother's race; one became principal of a city school, one a prominent sister in a Catholic church, one a bishop, and one or two officers in the Confederate army.

For, while a Negro expects tobeostracized bythewhites, and his white wife agrees toitbyhermarriage vow, neither of them arequite preparedforthecoldreception they invariablymeet withamong theNegroes.

It is certainly a strain on affections to have to endure not simply the social ostracism of the whites but of the blacks also.

The judge explained the striking out of the word 'white' in the constitutional convention as done to prevent insult to 'dark colored white men,' and held that a Negro, though free, could never be a freeman.

As the Irishman had been the tool of the Democrats, so the Negro became the tool of the Republicans.

Weregard it,sir, asproofoftherecognition onyour partofthatjustandmost admirable custom ofourcountry's government, which permitsthesubjects, however humble maybetheir condition inlife,toseetheir ruler aswell asfeel theworkings ofhispower.

Of course I'm in politics; it's the only way a colored man can get a position where he can earn a decent living.

HesawMr.Roberts withapileofmoney, going around shouting, 'That's thestuff thatwins!'

The club is often named after some politician—one of the most notorious gambling hells of the Seventh Ward is named after a United States Senator.

Here is a well-educated young man, who despite all efforts can get no work above that of porter at $6 or $8 a week.

Instead of being radical light-headed followers of every new political panacea, the freedmen of Philadelphia and of the nation have always formed the most conservative element in our political life.

Especially, too, of women who did not apparently know there were any Negroes on earth until they wanted their votes?

We forgetthatonce French peasantswere theccNiggers"ofFrance, andthatGerman princelingsonce discussed with doubt the brains and humanity ofthebauer*

If the consummation of such a crime be possible in the twentieth century, then our civilization is vain and the republic is a mockery and a farce.

Work, though done in travail of soul and sweat of brow, must be so impressed upon Negro children as the road to salvation, that a child would feel it a greater disgrace to be idle than to do the humblest labor.

So hard has been the rise of the better class of Negroes that they fear to fall if now they stoop to lend a hand to their fellows.

The old query: Would you want your sister to marry a Nigger? still stands as a grim sentinel to stop much rational discussion.

Not thatsuchworkmay notbehonorable and useful, butthat itisaswrongto make scullions ofengineersasitistomake engineers of scullions.

The little decencies of daily intercourse can go on, the courtesies of life be exchanged even across the color line without any danger to the supremacy of the Anglo-Saxon or the social ambition of the Negro.

Remember toenter heretheactual chiefamusement, notmerely the onetheperson likes best,butdoesnotoften enjoy.

Characterize the street concisely; as, 'respectable residence street,' or 'blind alley with tumble-down brick houses.'

Negroes were not to carry arms without special license; over four Negroes meeting together on Sundays or other days 'upon no lawful business of their masters or owners' were to be whipped.

Whereas, free Negroes are an idle and slothful people and often prove burdensome to the neighborhood and afford ill examples to other Negroes.

No child born hereafter in Pennsylvania to be a slave.

Judgment of Common Pleas Court reversed and Negro declared not a 'free man' in the meaning of Constitution.

It shall be unlawful for any school director, superintendent, or teacher to make any distinction whatever on account of, or by reason of, the race or color of any pupil.

Appeal of Forty Thousand Colored Citizens, Threatened with Disfranchisement, to the People of Pennsylvania.

Indeed this predominance of domestic service over all other occupations followed by the Negroes, is recorded of every State in the Union, excepting the Southern States, where agriculture stands first and domestic service second.

This ward includes among its inhabitants all grades of wealth and comfort, from the houses with a coachman and coachman's assistant, a butler and butler's assistant, and a retinue of female domestics as well, to those houses where only one woman is employed.

One result hasbeen theconviction thatmuch ofthe friction inthemodern household arises from itslackofadaptationtothecivilization ofto-day, and will disappear when domestic service getsinlinewith themarch ofprogress andceases totrytomeet modern needs bytheemployment ofmediaeval methods.

The colored perform about three times asmuch domestic service inproportiontotheirnumbers asthewhites do.

Hence, Negro labor, following the line of least resistance, flows in enlarged streams into the channel of domestic service.

In our shops and markets and in our building trades, on our trolley cars and our delivery wagons we see Irish and German and Swedish men, but no Negroes.

The excess of colored men of that age in other occupations is no doubt due to the large number of colored men of great physical strength who act as stevedores, porters, etc., between the ages of thirty and forty.

The one woman does the cooking, washing, ironing, and drags up all the ashes, tends furnace, cleans the front, and does every single thing—as one woman put her own case.

Acook receiving $4.50aweek, theaverage payinBoston, can save asmuch inayear astheaverageteacher inAmerican public schools.

The factotum, who does everything from cooking to furnace work and house cleaning, is evidently not considered a skilled hand, nor paid as such.

Well, he said, stiffening, but even if they do, you don't expect a white man is going to work for what a nigger will take.

So glittering an offer as that of 'double his present salary,' is eagerly accepted by the majority of Englishmen of a certain grade of intelligence and this has quite definite results upon the domestic service of our large cities in America.

When these aregiveninaddition towages theyapparently donot stand, inthemind ofeither employer ordomestic, aspartpay ment forservice.

I'm a very poor spender, but I bank a little too, only the banks are so shaky I'm afraid of them.

The fact that, had he banked his money he would have had now in hand the sum of $300, could not be denied, but this certainty was not sufficient to stifle the feeling that if he dropped the societies he 'would lose all he had put in.'

One young fellow of twenty years who earns only $3.00 a week, is responsible for the support of his father's entire family, seven in number, as the father drinks and cannot be depended upon.

One young bellboy said that he 'took all he earned home to his mother except twenty-five cents he kept himself and she saved that for him.'

One man was encountered who had graduated from Hampton and from a law school as well, while several stone-cutters, brick masons and carpenters were found who had drifted or been forced into the ranks of domestic service.

One girl who had taught for four years and who thinks she lost her place at the end of that time from prejudice on the part of the school committee says, without the slightest apparent touch of resentment, 'The reason I don't try to teach is because I know I'd have trouble, and I can save as much this way.'

If the mistresses has bad luck with one colored girl they wont never have another. They think all colored is alike.

This seems to show clearly the greater tendency of the colored domestic to escape from the solitary confinement to which our present system of household management condemns all the servants in 'single-handed' places.

The Negro church is not simply an organism for the propagation of religion; it is the centre of social, intellectual and religious life of an organized group of individuals.

Our man may be a good lawyer but he certainly is not a good waiter. This was however the only adverse criticism offered in regard to any of the domestics who were students and readers.

A comparison of this with the average pay of the 'long-service men' would seem to point to the possibility that length of service may have some occult connection with length of pocketbook.

Of course it is true that a bad servant cannot command high wages, also it is impossible to transform a poor servant into a good one by paying him high wages; but, on the other hand, it is true that good service cannot be obtained without paying good wages for it.

Yes, they say long service is good service, but sometimes you can't stay at places; some of the ladies an' gentlemen's not very pleasant.

They are much more loyal and infinitely more affectionate than white servants. They have shown me absolute loyalty in service.

One although employing three colored servants thinks the whites do better work and says she has colored servants 'because they look more like servants.'

I think the colored people are very much maligned in this matter of honesty and trustworthiness; I have two colored men now who are as honest as the sun.

The Germans drink and the Irish order you out of the house, but the colored people are more respectful and anxious to please.

To class the whole race together, or to class all colored domestics together, is to make a serious mistake.

This study of the conjugal condition of domestic servants seems to corroborate the opinion of those employers who found colored people 'very much like other human beings.'

Large numbers of such men in the ranks of domestic service would bring down the percentage of illiteracy very decidedly.

Another, 'four months sick with rheumatism, but worked;' another, 'had rheumatism all winter but lost no working time.'

All these plans fail, says the author, because they assume that the adjustment to be made is a purely personal one, whereas larger relations—political, economic, industrial and social—are, in point of fact involved.

It enables each person to do exclusively that thing which she can do best; it allows the concentration of labor and capital and thus economizes and secures the largest results.

Yet a woman is expected to know how to do all kinds of sewing, all kinds of cooking, all kinds of any 'woman's work,' and the consequence is that life is passed in learning these only, while the universe of truth beyond remains unentered.

The domestic economy of America to-day is more complex than was that of the Plymouth colony, and we can very easily make due allowance for the fact by letting our laundresses choose their own 'Monday.'

If domestic service were made more honorable, more tolerable, more human, it would not be so unpopular.

When the domestic becomes a 'trained worker, honorable and dignified,' this great objection will be removed, and it is clear that minimizing the number of domestics employed within the household would do away in large measure with the difficulty of the personal relations between mistress and maid.

With the removal of these obstacles, better ability would enter domestic service, and the industry would become more honorable as well as more endurable and attractive to domestics, who we sometimes forget are also human beings, and naturally wish to live the lives of human beings.

Discrimination, see Prejudice and Color discrimination.

Prejudice, color, 322/f, 375. against Negroesinbusiness, 346-47. connection with crime, 350-55. results of,325-26, 350-55.

Riots against Negroes, 26-29, 32,45n,237-38.

The meaning of all this; The duty of the Negroes; The duty of the whites.

Murder sat on our doorsteps, police were our government, and philanthropy dropped in with periodic advice.

Ishall, moreover, capitalize theword, because Ibelieve that eightmillion Americans areentitled toacapitalletter.

No differences of social condition allowed any Negro to escape from the group, although such escape was continually the rule among Irish, Germans, and other whites.

The crisis came one Sunday morning during prayer when Jones and Allen, with a crowd of followers, refused to worship except in their accustomed places, and finally left the church in a body.

That the riots occurred by prearranged plan was shown by the signals lights in windows by which the houses of the whites were distinguished and those of the Negroes attacked and their inmates assaulted and beaten.

The whole catering business, arising from an evolution shrewdly, persistently and tastefully directed, transformed the Negro cook and waiter into the public caterer and restaurateur.

When the hour arrived for home going, Catto went the near and dangerous way to his residence, 814 South street, and said as he left, 'I would not stultify my manhood by going to my home in a roundabout way.'

The proportion, therefore, of men to women is a rough index of the industrial opportunities of the Negro.

The training they receive from such wanderings is not apt to improve young persons greatly, and the custom has undoubtedly helped to swell the numbers of a large migratory criminal class who are often looked upon as the product of particular cities, when, as a matter of fact, they are the offscourings of country districts, sharpened and prepared for crime by the slums of many cities through which they have passed.

However, in the realm of social phenomena the law of survival is greatly modified by human choice, wish, whim and prejudice.

In some cases by the actual inclusion of the word 'white' among qualifications for entrance into certain trade unions.

Four colored men volunteered and saved the steel.

These tables would seem toadduce considerable proof thatthe Negro death rate islargelyamatter ofcondition ofliving.

The method of conducting these societies puts a premium on dishonesty and misrepresentation and a tax on honesty and health.

As a social group the Negro church may be said to have antedated the Negro family on American soil; as such it has preserved, on the one hand, many functions of tribal organization, and on the other hand, many of the family functions.

This led to a movement for a Negro hospital; such a movement however was condemned by the whites as an unnecessary addition to a bewildering number of charitable institutions; by many of the best Negroes as a concession to prejudice and a drawing of the color line.

Crime is a phenomenon of organized social life, and is the open rebellion of an individual against his social environment.

Persons whohavenottheprice ofadrinkmaygamble away thefewpennies theydopossessinapolicy shop.Then thedrain isconstant.

Many a Negro family eats less than it ought for the sake of living in a decent house.

No matter how well trained a Negro may be, or how fitted for work of any kind, he cannot in the ordinary course of competition hope to be much more than a menial servant.

He is now a waiter at the University Club, where his white fellow graduates dine.

How long can a city teach its black children that the road to success is to have a white face?

The judge explained the striking out of the word 'white' in the constitutional convention as done to prevent insult to 'dark colored white men,' and held that a Negro, though free, could never be a freeman.

Especially, too, of women who did not apparently know there were any Negroes on earth until they wanted their votes?

If the consummation of such a crime be possible in the twentieth century, then our civilization is vain and the republic is a mockery and a farce.

One man was encountered who had graduated from Hampton and from a law school as well, while several stone-cutters, brick masons and carpenters were found who had drifted or been forced into the ranks of domestic service.